Below you've got the main characteristics explained:
-PROCESSOR: The CPU the mobile phone uses and its speed in GHz
-KIND OF PHONE: It refers to the way you control the phone. I may be tactile or used by buttons.
-4G: This indicates if the mobile phone is considered as a fourth-generation phone, which has a speed ten times quicker than a 3G phone in terms of wireless connections.
-DUAL
SIM: The phone can use two phone cards instead of one at the same time.
-SCREEN RESOLUTION: The number of pixels the screen is made up. As more pixels it has, the screen quality will be better. From 720 megapixels, it's considered HD (high definition).
-OPERATIVE SYSTEM: It's the main program or set of programs that executes all the applications in your mobile phone and provides service o the hardware. The number after the "V" means the version of the operative system the phone has.
-MESSAGES: Possible ways to send a message through the mobile phone.
-CAMERA: It says if the phone has a camera or not.
-CAMERA QUALITY: It shows the amount of megapixels the camera has. As the screen, more megapixels means a better image quality.
-VIDEOCALLS: Informs if you can make a videocall with this phone or not.
-VIDEOCAMERA: Says if the camera can or cannot record a video.
-WI-FI: The phone can connect to detect and connet to other Wi-Fi signals.
-RAM MEMORY: This memory loads the programs you are using to keep a faster speed in your mobile. As more RAM it has, it will probably work quicker.
-STORAGE CAPACITY: It shows the space the mobile includes to save data.
-EXTERNAL MEMORY: Kinds of memory cards you can add to your mobile phone to save more data. It can be already included.
-SCREEN: It shows the screen length in inches.
-BLUETOOTH: The phone can interact with bluetooth signals.
-FRONTAL CAMERA; Indicates if the phone has a frontal camera and its megapixels.
-BATERY: How long the battery work until it is necessary to charge it.
As you can see, mobile phone have improved a lot through the last decade and now they include a lot of technology.
Here we pass a document with a mobile phone characteristics in Spanish, just in case you would prefer something easier to understand.